National identity is a social and cultural phenomenon shaped through the interaction of language, values, collective memory, symbols, and social discourses. Literature of resistance can play a significant role in representing and reproducing such identity. This study aimed to sociologically analyze the role of cultural and social components in the formation of Iranian national identity and to explain how these components are represented and reproduced in Iranian literature of resistance. The study was fundamental in purpose and qualitative in approach, employing directed qualitative content analysis. Its theoretical framework integrated Benedict Anderson’s theory of Imagined Communities, Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital, and Michel Foucault’s theory of discourse. The research population consisted of representative works of Iranian literature of resistance published from the beginning of the Islamic Revolution to 2025, from which 26 works in the forms of novels, short stories, poetry, memoirs, and war-related biographies were purposively selected and analyzed. The findings identified the Persian language, religion, collective memory, cultural symbols, shared values, and the construction of identity through the “us/them” distinction as six major components of the formation and representation of national identity. The findings further indicated that the reconstruction of collective memory, transmission of shared values, reproduction of cultural and symbolic capital, linking the past with the present, and discursive boundary-making between “us” and “them” constitute major mechanisms for reproducing and consolidating national identity. Accordingly, literature of resistance extends beyond representing historical experiences and functions as a significant cultural arena for the production and reproduction of national identity.